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Mitosis | What is cell cycle?

asnatoy June 04, 2022

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Mitosis


Mitosis (M) a type of cell division in which a daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.


Cell cycle:



All the estimated 100 trillion cells that make up your body arose from a single fertilized
egg. As this fertilized egg cell underwent a series of divisions that increased the number of cells, thus increasing the size and complexity of your body until eventually you reached your current size. Cell division also maintains a fully grown individual. All multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms grow in size and maintain the cells of their body (the somatic cells) by a sequence of events called the
cell cycle.

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What is cell cycle?



Cell cycle the sequence of stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next.


However, the cycle is a continuous process and does not pause after each phase. During the division phase (mitosis, or M), the components of the cytoplasm and the components of the nucleus of the parent cell are divided to give rise to two identical daughter cells by two processes, mitosis and cytokinesis.




Mitosis ensures the equal distribution of the nuclear contents. This process includes the duplication of chromosomes, so that each daughter cell ends up with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.




Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and its constituent organelles of the parent cell roughly equally between the daughter cells.




For most cells, the nuclear division that occurs during mitosis marks only a small
part of their cycle. The stage between division phases, called interphase, is marked by  period of rapid growth (gap 1, or G1), the duplication of chromosomes (synthesis, or S), another period of growth (gap 2, or G2), and preparation for further divisions. Cells carry out their particular functions during interphase.



Interphase



Cells spend most of their lives in interphase. In this phase of the cell cycle, cells are not
actively dividing. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Cells in interphase grow and undergo the various metabolic processes needed for their functioning during G1, S, and G2.



Chromosomes are uncondensed throughout interphase . During G1, cells undergo a period of rapid growth, and the chromosomes are unduplicated. During the
S phase, cells begin to prepare for division during interphase by duplicating its chromosomes. At the end of the S phase, all the chromosomes are therefore duplicated chromosomes. During G2, the cell again grows and it completes the preparations for division (mitosis, or the M phase).


Mitosis cell division


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Prophase:


Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. The chromosomes in the nucleus become visible under a microscope as they shorten and thicken.



 In animal cells, a small body in the
cytoplasm separates and its parts move to opposite poles of the cell as the chromosomes become visible. These tiny structures, called centrioles, provide attachment for the spindle fibres, which serve as guide wires for the attachment and movement of the chromosomes during cell division. Collectively, the centrioles and spindle fibres make up the spindle apparatus. Most plant cells do not have centrioles, but spindle fibres still form
and serve a similar purpose. The centromere joining the two chromatids helps anchor the chromosomes to the spindle fibres. When viewed under a microscope during prophase, the nuclear membrane appears to fade; in effect, it is dissolving to allow the separation of
chromosomes and cell organelles.




Metaphase:



The second phase of mitosis is metaphase. Chromosomes composed of sister chromatids move toward the centre of the cell. This centre area is called the equatorial plate, because, like the equator of Earth, it is midway between the poles of the cell.



The chromosomes appear as dark, thick filamentous structures that are attached to the spindle fibres. Even though they are most visible at this stage, it is still very difficult to count the number of
chromosomes in most cells because the chromosomes are entangled. Chromatids can become intertwined during metaphase.



Anaphase:



Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis. The centromeres divide and the sister chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes, move to opposite poles of the cell. If mitosis proceeds correctly, the same number and type of chromosomes will be found at each pole. Occasionally, segments of the chromatids will break apart, and may reattach, in anaphase.



Telophase


The last phase of mitosis is telophase. The chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and begin to lengthen. The spindle fibres dissolve and a nuclear membrane forms around each mass of chromatin. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.


Cytokinesis




Once the chromosomes have moved to opposite poles, the cytoplasm begins to divide. Cytokinesis appears to be quite distinct from nuclear division.



In an animal cell, a furrow develops, pinching off the cell into two parts. This is the end of cell division.


In plant cells, the separation is accomplished by a cell plate that forms between the two chromatin masses. The cell plate will develop into a new cell wall, eventually sealing off the contents of the new cells from each other.

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Here's some keyways from the chapter:


  •  Cell cycle ; the sequence of stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next.

  •  Mitosis (M) a type of cell division in which a daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

  •  Cytokinesis the division of cytoplasm.

  •  During Interphase, the cell replicates it DNA and prepares for nuclear division.

  •  In humans, each of the 46 chromosomes duplicates itself. The result is 46 duplicated chromosomes, or 46 pairs of chromatids.

  • During Early Prophase, the chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and thicker. The centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibres start to form.

  •  During Late Prophase, chromosomes continue to condense. The centrioles              assemble and spindle fibres attach to the   centromeres of the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane starts to dissolve.

  • During Metaphase, chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate. The nuclear membrane completely dissolves.

  •  During Anaphase, The centromeres divide and the resulting chromosomes,  formerly chromatids, move too opposite  poles of the cell. And identical set of chromosomes moves to each poles.

  •  During Telophase, chromosomes lengthen again, the spindle fibres  dissolve, and a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes. In humans, each new nucleus contains 46 unique chromosomes.

  •  Centriole; small protein body found  in the cytoplasm of animal cells that  provides attachment for spindle fibres during cell division.

  •  Spindle fibre ; protein structure that guides chromosomes during cell division. 
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